n., ebbaluwa; (mark) akabonero.

v. (observe), okukenga, okw etegereza, okutunuulira.

-ko or -wo), kumalamu kyeso, to win at the game of mweso. kumalamu musolo, to flee, run off at a great speed, kumalamu kigwo, to throw (in wresting); to prevail (e.g., in an argument). Olumbe lwamumalamu amazzi. He died of illness, lit. disease finished up the water in him. kumalako kisa, to give up on (a person). Ommazeeko ekisa. You have worn out my kindness (because of your lack of appreciation), okumalawo obwe- taavu, to meet a need.

manyi, atiikirivu.

enkulukuku, ekiswa; some names of the ants may be put into the ki-class to denote the hill built by that ant.

-yo, -mu, -wo. ba becomes baa- before such an addition, mbaako kye njogera, if 1 have something to say (note that this does not imply physical pos ses s ion as is often the case when -na is suffexed to -li), abo abanaabaawo enkya, those who will be present tomorrow. Bwe walibaamu amazzi mu mugga, tulivuba. If there is water in the river we will fish. Taliimu. He is stupid or He is not at home.

all of Europe including its peoples, resources, etc. (Note the effect of the l.V.)

feel free with, have confidence in, trust. Siyinza kumweyabiza. I cannot confide in him. I can't talk to him freely. See the note under yab-.

nzize) v.i. come; arrive; happen. as an aux. verb before the inf. of another verb denotes the near future. Abawanguzi bajja kuweebwa ebirabo. The winners will be given prizes, jjangu! (= jja mangu) imper. come! come quickly! gye bujja, in the future, omwezi ogujja, next month.

note, notice; suspect, be suspicious of; scent, smell.

e- (ki/bi) [Su>., At. ] book, ekitabo ekiwandiikibwamu, notebook, exercise book, omukubi w'ebitabo, book publisher, cf. akatabo.

stop, come to an end, go as far as, reach. Wakoma wa? How far did you get/go? Awo we nkomye. That is all. That is all I have to say (said after recounting an event or story). Nkomye. I have had enough (said when declining an additional portion of food). Yakoma. She has stopped bearing children, kukoma awo, to stop, let matters rest. Erinnya Kayaga lyakomanga ku bawala bokka. The name Kayaga was restricted to girls. Note the additional meanings 0/koma with the enclitics.

imitate. (Note: tkis is one of the few verbs borrowed from English.)

ekiragiriro, omulagirizi, endagiriro. See the note at the end of laga.

maama omuto, aunt, mother's sister, interj. expressing surprise or enthusiasm my goodness! gee! boy! Maama ng'olabye! Gee, I am sorry about what has happened to you! Note also that a mother may address her daughter as maama wange, my mother.

a- plur. (li/ma) wisdom; knowledge; device, stratagem; advice; wit; skill, amagezi ga bnlijjo, common sense, everyday knowledge, omuwi w'amagezi, advisor, okusala amagezi, to devise a plan. Yasa- langa gonna (gonna here = amagezi gonna). He used every expedient. He did everything he could. Amagezi tegaba g'omu. (prov.) Wisdom/cleverness is not the monopoly of one person. Okwagala kulya amagezi. (prov.) Love benumbs (lit. eats) the senses. Love is blind. Note: the gramm. sing, eggezi (q.v.) differs in meaning from the plur. cf. -gezi, kalimagezi, olugezigezi.

complete; use up, consume; spend (time); satisfy, be sufficient for. v.i. suffice, be sufficient; be adequate; be enough. As an auxiliary verb mala has the following uses (adapted from Ashton's Luganda Grammar): 1) To denote completed action mala is followed by the main verb in the inf. Twamaze okusamba omupiira ng'obudde buzibye. We finished playing ball by the end of the day. 2) Followed by an inf. without the I.V., mala stresses the completion of an action before another action begins. Onoomala kuleeta mazzi. You will first bring water. 3) Followed by ga- and a verbal stem, mala expresses inevitability, obligation or simple carelessness. Tumaze gagendayo. We simply had to go there. Bamala gakomaga mbugo zityo. They just beat out the bark in any old way. 4) Followed by the neg. of the ne tense, mala indicates a reversal of decision.

brother or sister (of the same sex as the person speaking or spoken of); cousin. Note that this noun never has the initial vowel and must be followed by a possessive adjective or a noun with which it is connected by the -a of rel.

nnyinyudde) v.tr. conv. (of nnyika, q.v.) draw out, take out (of water or other liquid). Note: nnyula could properly be placed under nnyika; it does not however conform to the usual method of forming the conversive.

e- (n/n) rear, as an adv. behind, in the back, ennyuma wa, behind, in back of. ennyuma w'omusajja oyo, behind this man. ennyuma y'omusajja oyo, the rear end o f this man. Note that when ennyuma is used as a noun it is followed by ya or za; in the prepositional phrase it is followed by by wa. cf. -vannyuma, ekyennyumannyuma, oluvannyuma.

e- (n/n) with the -a of rel. short (formerly only of barkcloth clothing but note of other types of clothes), obuteeteeyi obw'entundu, short skirts, mini-skirts. cf. ekitundu.

use as a point of departure. Note: This is a word for which a precise English equivalent is lacking. The following phrases illustrate the manner in which it may be used: okusinziira ku lipoota eyafuniddwa olunaku lw'eggulo, according to a report received yesterday. Okufa kwe kwasinziira ku butwa. His death was due to poisoning. Tulina ensonga ejinumu ddala kwe tusinziira ukukkiriza nga waiiwo... We have very firm reasons (from which we start) for believing that_ cf. -sinziivu, ekisinziiro

cause to burst; tear; tear down; split. cf. -(y)abifu. See also the note under yab-

cause to hatch; unmake, uncover (e.g., a bed); clear out; perform the birth rites for (a child), give a name to (a child when his head is first shaved). Note: yalula in some of its meanings is a conversive of yala, to spread, q. v.

(in certain cases) maternal aunt. The forms are: mmange or nnyabo, nnyoko, nnyina, nnyaffe, nnyammwe, nnyaabwe (my mother, your mother, his/her mother, etc.). Note that nnyabo is also used: 1) as a term of address for a woman: Miss, Mrs, madame and 2) as an interj. expressing sympathy or pity: oh dear! Note that nnyoko, your (sing.) mother is sometimes used in a bad sense. It may be replaced by mukyala.

(la) [from Eng. (bank) notes)] a very rich person.

dove; mayiba, doves. Note that the stem is not altered in the plur.

okubbisa eryanyi, to steal by force, commit armed robbery. Note: the gramm. plur. amaanyi (q.v.) lacks the augm. force of eryanyi.

make an investigation into; inquire everywhere; interrogate; admonish. cf. ekibuuzo. See also the note at the end of buulira.

okunyumunguza engoye, to rinse out clothes. Note: by metathesis the word often occurs as munyunguza.

the following usages of dda with enclitics:

inflammatory leaflets usually distributed at night; blackmail note. The lit. meaning is: night (kiro) takes (-kitwala) the poor man (omunaku).

the special meanings of ddira with the enclitics:

the uses of zza with enclitics:

saganyuka is much less frequently used than sanyuka of which it seems to be an older variant.

that the following four forms are built on the stem zib(i)ik- rather than zib-.

with the same meaning, is rare. Note the following usages of kkoyi: Omuzungu kkoyi! The European is wonderful! Omusajja oyo kkoyi! What a terrible person that man is1 cf. ekiknkko

lagira and the forms listed under it seem to be parts of laga. They are listed separately because of the divergence of meaning.

ne sigenda. I have changed my mind and am not going. 5) 1Vhen used in the subj. and followed by another verb in the subj. mala introduces a climax. Ya- seerera bw'ati n'agwa amale amenyeke amagulu. He skidded like this and fell and ended up by breaking his leg. 6) Note the uses o/olumala and olwamala: Olumala okukola genda eka. When you finish (after finishing) work, go home. Olwamala okukola ne nnenda eka. After finishing work I went home.

little, next to nothing. Yazimba akayumba katono mpawekazira. He built a tiny little house. Ekiseera kyayita mpawekazira. A very short period time passed, abagoberezi mpawebazira, a very few followers (note the replacement of ka by ba).

together with its derivatives, is perhaps related to kka, but because of the sharp divergence in meanings it is listed separately. cf. ekikko, olukko, ssa; kkakkana, kkalira, Ikkata, kkatira, kkiriza.

-satu numeral stem three. Initial modifications are made according to the class of the noun to which the numeral refers. Note that ssatu is used in counting (one, two, three, four, etc.) os well as with nouns of the n/n class. Under certain circumstances (for which see the grammars) amakumi asatu, 30 is abbreviated to asatu. cf. -satule, okusatu, Olwokusatu, -nsatule.

-taano numeral stem five. Initial modifications are made according to the class of the noun to which the numeral refers. Note that ttaano is used in counting (one, two, three, etc.) as well as with nouns of the lu/n and n/n classes. Under certain circumstances (for which see the grammars) amakumi ataano, 50, is abbreviated to ataano. cf. okutaano, Olwokutaano.

engage in meditation. Note:

-egambulula (-egambuludde) v.i. conv. 2 refl. become unstuck; peel off. Note: gambulula resembles gamba in form but not in meaning; they may both be derived from the same verbal root.

-nga 1) suffixed to the imperative or simple past indicates renetitive or habitual action. Temugabanga bitali byammwe. Never give away what is not yours. Nga mukyali bato, mwalwananga awatali nsonga. When you were young, you used to fight without reason. 2) suffixed to -li (be) it expresses probability and may be followed by any tense. Alinga alima. He seems to be cultivating. Enkuba eringa eneetonnya. It looks like rain, lit. the rain is like it will fall. Note that alinga nga is often pronounced and written alinna nga. Nninnanga ali mu kirooto. I am just like one who is in a dream. (E.O.A.)

-biri numeral stem two. Initial modifications are made ac cording to the class of the noun to which the numeral refers. Note that bbiri is used in counting (one, two, three, etc.) as well as with nouns of the lu/n and n/n classes. Under certain circumstanc es (for which see the grammars) amakumi abiri, 20, is abbreviated to abiri. olw'ebbiri, at another time, on another occasion (olwa implies lunaku, day). Ensi emutaddeko abiri. He is the object of public attention, lit. The country has put two (amaaso, eyes, implied) on him. -biri -biri, two by two, two each. Baatambula babiribabiri. They walked two by two. Yatuwa ebitabo bibiri bibiri. He gave us two books each. cf. bbiri, okubiri, Olwokubiri, -mbi(riri).

many countries. cf. -yingi, yinga, bangi, obungi, nnamungi, ^awangi.

engatto enzirugavu, black shoes, cf. ddugala, obuddugavu, Omuddugavu, enzirugavu.

-na numeral stem four. Initial modifications are made according to the class of the noun to which the numeral refers. Note that nnya is used in counting as well as with plural nouns of the lu/n and n/n classes. Under certain circumstances (for which see the grammars) amakumi ana (40) is abbreviated to ana. cf. okuna, Olwokuna.