okunyweza, okusiba; f. in handle, okuwanga; f. eyes on, okwekaliriza amaaso.

adj., nywevu, a lubeerera, a nkalakkalira.

okuyungako, okuteekako, okusibako.

e- plur. (ki/bi) fixed fees formerly charged to the plaintiff and accused before a court case could be held; court costs.

for which see the grammars. The following usages are important for lexical purposes because the derivatives formed cannot all be included in the dictionary. 1) bu + la ~ negative infinitive, often equivalent to an English noun which is not an infinitive in form. okumanya, to know; obutamanya, not to know; ingnorance. 2) bu + stem of a noun from another class often produc es an adverb which must be rendered by a phrase in English, enkofu, guinea fowl; bukofu, like a guinea fowl, kukaabya bukofu, to make cry like a guinea fowl, i.e., to cause to suffer. 3) bu + reduplicated stem of a noun of another class indicates plurality with the added notions of indefiniteness, scattered state or even contemp t. essomero, school; obusomerosomero, small, scattered schools which are inferior in quality. 4) normal verb form + bu + verb stem + i. Abalala bagamba nti... others say that; Abalala bagamba bugambi nti... others just/ simply/only say that.

o- (bu/-) whiteness; lightness (of color); brownness (of the skin); emptiness, empty space; cleanness, as an adv. with the formative of space prefix e- out, outside. ebweru wa Buganda, outside of

nziraabirizza) v.tr. mend; repair; adjust; fix up; restore; put (someone) at ease.

consisting of the place formatives e- and wa. to, from or at the house/place of (similar to French chez). Nnenda ewa Mukasa. I am going to Mu- kasa's. Nva wa Mukasa gye banywa omwenge. I am coming from Mukasa's where they are drinking beer. With the possessive prefixes are derived the forms ewaffe (less commonly ewattu), at or to our place; ewammwe (rarely ewannyu), at or to your place, and ewaabwe, at or to their place. See also waaboffe, etc.

nzigye) v.tr. take; take away/ off/out, etc. (The enclitics -ko, -mu, -wo are frequently suffixed to ggya, performing a role analogous to that of the adverbs following take, i.e., away, off, etc.). Ggyawo ekitanda. fake the bed away.. Ggyako ekikopo. Take the cup off (e.g., of the table), okuggyako, except, excepting, okuggya ku mabeere, to wean, okuggya omwoyo ku kintu, to neglect/forget something. okuggya akagere, to start walking, try one's first steps, okuggya obutiko, to pick mushrooms, okuggyawo omusango, to dismiss a case (at law). Kyanzigya enviiri ku mutwe okulaba nga... It made the hair stand up on my head to see that... Ebigambo bye yayogera byamuggya n'amaziga mu ki- wanga. The things which he said made her cry, lit. took tears from her skull. Temuggya okwo, mugende mu maaso. Don't stop there, go on. Keep up the good work.

often with a pejorative force. No nouns are inherently of the gu/ga class, omusajja, man; ogusajja, huge hulk of a man, giant, ekintu, thing, oguntu, huge clumsy thing. Since many hundreds of nouns may be shifted to the gu/ga them all in a dictionary.

n. (hoe), omuyini; (knife) ekiti; (shield) omuwambiro, omukonda; (jaw) ekigingi; (pot) e'ŋŋ ngo. broken hoe h., ekiyinigi. fix in h., okuwanga. take out h., okuwangula.

ye; (obj. prefix), mu.

used with the subject prefix ka- and a personal object. Kalibajjuutuka. They will suffer the consequences.

for which see the grammars. One usage which presents serious difficulties to the users of the dictionary must be mentioned here. ka- is the prefix for singular nouns of the ka/bu class. This class contains not only nouns proper to it, but in addition most other nouns can be converted to this class; in the latter case the resultant noun is a diminutive. In many cases sound changes obscure the relationship between the original noun and the diminutive: ente, cow; akate, small cow. ejjinja, rock; akayinja, stone, endabirwamu, mirror; akalabirwamu, small mirror.

a- (ka/bu) stew (of plantains, beans, peanuts, etc., or a combination of these); fig. cramped quarters, confined space; difficult/messy situation. Tuli mu katogo. We are in cramped quarters/crowded together or We are in a difficult fix.

a- (ka/bi) difficult situation, a ‘fix.'

e- adv. okutunula ekimaka, to stare hard/fixedly.

vagabond. Wa kireeya. He is a vagabond, cf. ^leeya.

brother (of the same mother, hut of the opposite sex of the person spoken of), mwannyinaze, my sister/ brother, mwannyoko(wo), your sister/brother, mwannyina, his or her sister/brother, cf. nnyina, kannyina.

with (denoting instrument or association), adv. also, too. na is also regularly suffixed to -ii, is, are, io express possession. Alina ensimbi. He has money, na sometimes alternates with ne (q.v.). When na means with it is replaced by ne if the verb is positive. Genda ne Kapere. Go with K. Togenda na Kapere. Do not go with K. The disjunctive pronouns are regularly suffixed to na. nange, and I, I also, naawe (2nd. sing.), naye (3rd sing.), naffe (1st plur.), nammwe (2nd plur.), nabo (3rd plur.).

e- (n/n) stare, staring, fixed stare, as an adv. with a fixed stare, okutunuulira enkaiiriza, io stare at/look at cioseiy. cf. kala, kaliriza.

e- (n/n) destined time; appointed time, designated time; fixed time. Wano we nnagambira mu mutima gwange nti entuuko zange zaali zituuse, saali wa kuwona. At that point I said to myself {lit. in my heart) that my time was up and that there was no escape, cf. tuuka.

e- (n/n) way of repairing/mending/fixing up. cf. ddaabiriza.

at Kintu's (house), omwa takes the possessive suffixes. omwange, at my house, omwaffe, at our house, etc.

mu, in the pi.; (a little of) use suffix ko with the verb, e.g. mpaako, give me some,

ssengange (ssejinange), ssengaawo, ssengaawe; ssengaffe, ssengammwe, ssengaabwe = my aunt, your aunt, his/her aunt, etc.

move from place to place aimlessly, roam about with no fixed abode; be distraught/ agitated; wander about in a daze.

place; set. okuteekako amaaso, to gaze at, stare at. okuteekako olukongoolo, to single out; to point the finger of accusation at; to keep one's eye on; to ‘tail' (a suspect); to ‘pick , on' (a person), okuteekako omwoyo, to concentrate on, ponder over, okuteekako omu- kisa, relig. to bless, give a blessing, okuteekako omukono, to sign, put one's signature to; to fix, sew on (e.g., a sleeve on a garment), okuteekako emikono, relig. to confirm, administer the sacrament of confirmation. okuteekako omuntu, to include, count in. Mu bagenda e Kampala nange nteekaako. Include me among those going to Kampala, okuteeka etteeka, to make a law. okuteeka ebigambo, to fabricate; to implicate or accuse falsely. Tonteekako bigambo, si nze nnabyogedde. Do not accuse me falsely, I did not say these things, okuteeka olutalo, to start a war/figh^attle. Kale teeka. All right, let's fight, okuteekawo ssente, to bet money, okuteekawo ekibiina, to form/establish an association. Essente za mukyala we ze zimutaddewo. His wife's money has made him what he is today. Ntadde. I am going.

when used, are generally suffixed directly to the word: jjajjange, jjajjaawo, jjajjaawe, jjajjaffe, jjajjammwe, jjajjaabwe; bajjajjange, etc. cf. obujjajja.

okufumita, okufumuggula.

okusumulula, okugattulula.

o- (mu/ba) banyan, one of a caste of Hindu merchants and traders. The ba- in banyan fn Hindi word cf Sanskrit uilgin) was presumably interpreted as the Bantu pluralizing affix ba-, thus producing the anomalous back formation Munyani. This does not occur in Swahili which has banyani.

(in certain cases) maternal aunt. The forms are: mmange or nnyabo, nnyoko, nnyina, nnyaffe, nnyammwe, nnyaabwe (my mother, your mother, his/her mother, etc.). Note that nnyabo is also used: 1) as a term of address for a woman: Miss, Mrs, madame and 2) as an interj. expressing sympathy or pity: oh dear! Note that nnyoko, your (sing.) mother is sometimes used in a bad sense. It may be replaced by mukyala.

adv. formative of place frequently equivalent to the English prepositions to or at. Agenze e Kampala. He has gone to Kampala. It is not joined to proper nouns but is prefixed directlv to a number nf pronouns and common nouns, many of which acquire thereby an adverbial function, mabega, back; emabega, backwards, back, amaka, home; eka, at home, (in the direction of) home, waffe, our(s); ewaffe, at our house. cf. ewa.

plur. babba- (la) husband. The pos- sessives are suffixed directly. The following forms occur:

fix up. Nkanika ebidduka ebya buli ngeri. I give mechanical treatment to vehicles of every type. cf. makanika.

an anomalous verbal root which always takes the subject prefix ka- {the implied noun subject is akabi) and a direct object (usually p ronominal). In meaning it corresponds most closely to Eng. dare, singa kantanda ne nzita ku kamu ku busolo obwo, if I dared kill one of these little animals. Nyjende? Teka- kutanda. Shall I go? Don't you dare.

(also ssaa- and sse-) non-class noun prefix. Many nouns with this prefix signify males of high station. The plural is usally bassa-.

lit. I have tied you there, i.e., I charge you to remain fixed in your present position until I release you. per ext. traffic lights.

nga bwe is usually rendered as. Nga bwe batali wano, sirowooza nit tukyabalabye. As they are not here, I do not think we are likely to see them, ne bwe = although, even if. Sandi- genze Entebbe omwami ne bwe yandintu- myeyo. 1 would not have gone to Entebbe even if the master had sent me. bwe -ti, like this; bwe -tyo, like that. Kibuuka bwe kiti. It jumps like this. Toyogera bw'otyo. Don't talk like that. The rel. adv. bwe must not be confused with the copula bwe, is/are; the poss. adj. bwe his/her; or the rel. pron. bwe which. The last three are used only in association with nouns whose class prefix is bu-.

has the following auxiliary functions: 1) kye + va (with the appropriate personal and tense prefixes) + a primary verb express an action or state resulting from a cause (rendered in English by therefore, that is why, that is the reason). Kitange mu- lwadde, kye nva sigenda kulima. My father is ill; that is why I do not go to cultivate. 2) Before the infinitive of another verb va may express recently completed action. Tuva kulima. We have just come from digging. Nva kulya. I have just eaten. 3) The infinitive okuva is equivalent to the English prep, from (referring to either time or space), okuva leero okutuuka mu mwezi ogujja, from today until next month, okuva e Mombasa okutunka e Nairobi, from Mombasa to Nairobi. va is frequently used with enclitics (-wo,

my companion; munno, your companion; munne, his/her companion; munnaffe, our companion; munnammwe, your companion; munnaabwe, their companion; bannange, my companions, etc. cf. kinna-, Munno.

(also nnaa-) non-class noun prefix. Many nouns with this prefix refer to females and take the plural banna(a)- (la). The prefix is also used with many proper names, e.g., Nnaalinnya.

non-class noun prefix. See ssa-.

kitaawo, kitaawe, kitaffe, kitammwe, kitaabwe; bakitaffe, etc. kitange omuto, my paternal uncle.

lit. counted, few. mu ddakiika mbale, in a few minutes. Baatambulako ebigere bibale. They walked a few steps. Waayita mbale. A few days passed [the prefix m- on mbale implies ennaku, days). cf- ^bala.

weighed; definite, specific, precise, mu biseera ebigere, at fixed times, at appointed times, cf. Igera.

make oneself neat/attractive. cf. -yonjo, obuyonjo, oluyonjoyonjo.

one thing, ebintu ebimu, some things. The phrase -tali -mu (with the appropriate prefixesj means several, various, different, ebintu ebitali bimu, various things, ensi ezitali zimu, various/different countries. Kamu kamu gwe muganda. (prov.) One by one makes a bundle, cf. bumu, bwomu, kamu, kimu, lumu, omu.

steady; fixed; solid, strong, cf. ^nywera.

attributive and other relationships. The prefix attached to -a is determined by the class of the preceding noun, e.g., ebitabo ebya Mukasa, the books of Mukasa; entebe ey'omuti (ey' = eya), the chair of wood, the wooden chair. An important function of a is that of forming ordinals from cardinals, e.g., mu myaka omusanvu, in seven years; mu mwaka ogw omusanvu (ogw' = ogwa), in the seventh year.

nouns and adjectives to which it is suffixed. Often it is the equivalent of a partitive. Olugendo lunene? Is the journey long? Ee luneneko. Yes,it is rather long. Twalako! Take some!

the Mu- kasas or, less commonly Mukasa and his foil owers. For Other useses of ba- see the grammars.

-nga 1) suffixed to the imperative or simple past indicates renetitive or habitual action. Temugabanga bitali byammwe. Never give away what is not yours. Nga mukyali bato, mwalwananga awatali nsonga. When you were young, you used to fight without reason. 2) suffixed to -li (be) it expresses probability and may be followed by any tense. Alinga alima. He seems to be cultivating. Enkuba eringa eneetonnya. It looks like rain, lit. the rain is like it will fall. Note that alinga nga is often pronounced and written alinna nga. Nninnanga ali mu kirooto. I am just like one who is in a dream. (E.O.A.)

thus.

-ekolera (-ekoledde) v.i. & tr. appl. refl. do for oneself; make for oneself; work for oneself; make trouble for oneself; get oneself into a fix; hurt oneself.

-tya = -ti + a. -ti is a defective verb uninflected for tense but with the sub. prefixes. -tya is rendered how? in what manner? Bayimba batya? How do they sing? Kiri kitya? How is it? cf. ^-ti, -tyo.

like this, thus (in the manner already mentioned), -tyo is often preceded by bwe. Ekikere kibuuka (bwe) kityo. The frog jumps like that (as I have already told you), -tyo -tyo, not very well, so-so. Baali bayisibwa batyo batyo. They were not treated very well. cf. otyo, 1-ti, -tya.

whereas, given that. Ogidde onvume, sikyatambula naawe. Since you have insulted me I will no longer go anywhere with you. Kintu agidde atuyise atyo, tumale gamuvaako. Since K. has treated us this way, let's just leave him alone.

abantu bonna, all the people, ekitabo kyonna, the whole book, ebitabo byonna, all the books, wonna, everywhere.